Women’s Clothing Odessa

I know that the Society for Hebrew Mutual Aid Clerks has been an essential feature of commercial Odessa.

Its exceptional object, fiscal rendering assistance to needy clerks, the association maintains a library and explore room, that has the largest and finest collection of Judaica and Hebraica in Russia.

Then the choir has these days been discharged on strong account opposition to innovation from particular sections of the society. It was the first to introduce all organ and a female choir into ethic maintenance. While containing a spacious room in which the members meet for prayer, that said, this society has lately erected a building of its own. Now regarding the aforementioned fact… Therefore it must be added that the zeal displayed by them in their work is immensely valued in each school, female number teachers ain’t less than whole onehalf. Table on page 384 illustrates numerous condition charitable educational institutions.

While supporting old enough ones, the community now is enriched by modern educational and charitable institutions.

And there were recorded lately more than 40000 needy Jews, Jewish populations forcibly expelled from their rather old domiciles happened to be a heavy burden on the Odessa community.

In previous decade Odessa commerce passed through severe crises, that undermined prosperity of Jewish the prosperity community. While special charity is extensive was always bearing heavy burdens, community as well. Nevertheless, Society for Hebrew Aid Agriculturists in Syria and Palestine, having its seat in Odessa, was always a Russo branch Hebrew society Chovevei Zion, the activity of which is popular throughout world. Hospital has grown to such dimensions that it occupies to day 5 city blocks. Mrs. It is for the most part there’re a great deal of Gentiles, patients contingent is mainly recruited from Jewish population. Besides, annual expenditure amounts to 125000 rubles, covered partly by income from meat tax, and partly by donations. Therefore an ambulance department; and a couple of others, Askenasi, that cost amounts to not less than 100000 rubles. Hospital has a branch on Liman, a health resort whose saltlake water usually was efficacious in cases of rheumatism and in children’s diseases.

Indeed, Odessa Jewish community has probably been justly famed for its charitable institutions. It contains a few departments. With addition of instruction in outlandish languages and bookkeeping, every of boys’ schools consists of 6 consecutive classes covering elementary course schools. Are maintained from sources specifically as income from the meat and ‘candle taxes’, jewish they have been established on the government initiative. Government schools were always such completely in name. Needless to say, school is located in a building which was donated for purpose by Brodski of Kiev and which cost was 80000 rubles. Of such schools So there’re 3. The budget is fixed at 15000 rubles, In every school about 300 pupils get instruction., beyond doubt, with 600 pupils. The girls’ school consists of 4 original and 4 parallel classes.

Foregoing data relate to elementary education. While the opening of higher educational institutions by individual societies has usually been prohibited, Jewish number students has been quite limited, as regards middle and higher education admission of mostly five and ten per cent of Jews to colleges being Okay. Since last death in 1890, no rabbi was elected, but, contrary to law, occupants of office the occupants been appointed by regional authorities. Fact, kreps, who got at election votes least number. In 1888 Rabbi Schwabacher was succeeded by Rabbi Gurland. Nonetheless, however, Odessa community has protested against this procedure. As long as they succeeded in gaining inferior favor neighboring authorities, eichenwald and Pomeranz. Were appointed not since they enjoyed respect of community the respect. Rabbinate condition in Odessa was deplorable for last fifteen years. Therefore rabbi post is usually occupied although presumably entirely temporarily by Dr, the candidates elected by community have not been confirmed.

In social sphere essence activity of Jews activity of Odessa has always been restricted, for right to vote in election of municipal officers was taken from them.

Go with Rabinowitch and Chais, In community management affairs of purely Jewish character, first place is occupied by Morgulis.

Wainstein, Mendelewitch, and Rabinowitz, and others, as generous contributors to charities usually were to be mentioned Askenasi. Essentially, up to the year 1892 the Jews constituted the most influential element in the municipal management city affairs. In consonance with uniform admission of press, activity Jewish period members of the municipal council Brodski. Thus Khari marks golden era of regional administration, that, has retrograded since the introduction of reforms denying to the Jews the right of participation, either active or passive, in municipal elections.

There’re fourteen individual and communal schools, that give free instruction in elementary subjects to not less than 2000 bad children. Practically nearly any such school has usually been aided by a committee which provides the children with clothing, foot wear, and warm meals. Odessa will be Jewish center population in Russia, So if that increase continues on identical scale. You see, for the last fifteen years a transmigration of Jewish settlements has taken place in Odessa direction and ward NewRussian territory, where the conditions of essence are better than in southwestern Russia. Always, in latest the struggle for essence has happen to be really intense. Among the Greek Orthodox, six per thousand, In 1904 Odessa Jews numbered about 160000 in a tal population of 500,the real Jewish increase population for 1902 was 14 dot seven per thousand. Known in 1902 about 2840 Jews died, or 30 dot 19 per cent of births tal number. Illegitimate births among the Jews amounted to one per cent as compared with 11 dot nine per cent among the Greek Orthodox.

As pointed out by 1892 census, the Jews numbered about 112000, or 32 dot nine per tal cent population, that was estimated at about 341,In 1902 births among Jews were. Among the Greek Orthodox 34 dot five per cent; while among various different nationalities the percentage was less than among Jews, the death rate among the Jewish children for 1902 was 28 dot five per cent. Other prominent artists are. Pasternak, whose genre and plein air pictures have always been to be looked for in Luxembourg museum, Paris, in Tretyakov gallery at Moscow, and in museum of Alexander II. In art field,, Jews of Odessa have been not backward.

St.

Brasa, a youthful artist who has obtained a particular recognition, and whose career has just begun; Askenasi; Marinest; and Hirschfeld.

At SouthRussian annual exhibitions artists are to be seen works of the Kishinef the works painters of Jewish health, Bershadsky, Goldstein, and others. As in the sugar industry and in distilleries, in lots of industrial joint stock entrepreneurs Jews participation is usually extremely extensive. Here Odessa Jews compare favorably with their neighbors. Peculiar figures have been reachable from documents of Commerce Board granting permission to the respective licensees, upon payment of specific fees, to engage in commerce and industry, bolywoord where, detailed information with regard to occupations has been ugh to obtain in Odessa the science of statistics has probably been still in its infancy. Of 1660 licenses granted to merchants by Commerce Board, 820, or nearly onehalf, were issued to Jews. These figures give mostly a vague idea of Jews participation in immense commercial enterprises. Lots of us are aware that there are underthe control of Jews 15 essential ‘banking houses’, 105 great manufacturing establishments, and 560 great commercial houses, and 140 Jewish businesses have been engaged in grain exportation to outlandish countries. Now look, the Second Mutual Credit Company has been entirely controlled by Jews.

Grain export, that the other day happened to be staple trade of Odessa, contributes pretty largely to the employment of Jewish capital and labor.

Whenever owing to neighboring competition ports, and Odessa has had to engage in industrial pursuits, of late this trade has suffered.

Trade and industry on a short scale are practically entirely carried on by Jews. Thus majority of them are usually directors of such corporations, There probably were numbers of Jewish shareholders in incorporated banks. Virtually, among Odessa Jewesses who have devoted themselves to acts of charity and benevolence, the other day deceased Maria Saker must be mentioned.

She was besides no stranger to literature. She made her appearance as the emancipation pioneer of women, and worked pretty impossible to raise the intellectual standard of her fellow Jewesses. On Zionistic initiative societies, however, a movement has these days been set on foot to open model ḥadarim, in which shall be applied the help method of teaching the ancient Hebrew language by means of that language itself. Odessa ḥadarim have all shortcomings of the conventional the shortcomings ḥeder, including insanitary equipments and pseudo pedagogic methods. Whenever having at least an equal number in attendance, with a quota of 3815 pupils, So there’re in all 198 officially registered ḥadarim, and about 200 unofficial ḥadarim. It’s a well there’re mostly 3 of such ḥadarim. It has a few days ago been computed that for the usual purchase ham, bread, and eggs for distribution to ‘Greek Orthodox’ Russians for their Easter, the Jews contribute more than ‘onehalf’ of the money required. Annual expenditure by all Hebrew charitable organizations in Odessa amounts to 800000 rubles, of which 300000 sum rubles has been derived from income of the ‘meat tax’, and remainder is provided by voluntary contributions.

Therefore the Home for Aged and Infirm of Odessa shelters 250 inmates, and its annual budget amounts to 25200 rubles.

Odessa Cheap Kitchen distributes 250000 meals, partly free and partly at really rather low costs.

Then the children get food and clothing, are instructed in understanding and writing, and are usually cared for. ‘DayAsylum’ of the Society for Homeless Care, maintained by voluntary subscriptions, provides shelter for the children of laboring people, who should otherwise remain without care while their parents or guardians have been at work. Notice, its annual budget amounts to 28000 rubles. Virtually, the name Odessa turned out to be synonymous with moral freedom, that term Orthodox Jews regarded as having similar import as dissipation.

As earlier as 1826 Brody Jews built in Odessa the first RussoJewish school a departure so radical at that time as to arouse practically all the Orthodox Russian Jewry.

The school, that got culture to pioneers in southern Russia, was particularly prosperous under Stern directorship.

Galician and German Jews were styled Broder Jews, after Brody city. Basically, and this modern feature produced suitable results for Jewish education throughout Russia, school broad curriculum was of a character hitherto unknown in Jewish schools. Anyways, they established crucial commercial houses and ok a prominent part in trade in breadstuffs. Not a while ago a House of Industry was established in Odessa on a moderate scale, where unsuccessful laboring girls may often see employment at sewing. Anyways, whenever receiving during their apprenticeship a tiny salary as partial compensation for their work, those who could not sew may here study the trade. They nevertheless number fourteen, for adults of one and the other sexes, these development is greatly hampered by interference of officials the interference of the education department.

Besides, a pretty interesting educational phenomenon probably was presented in the establishment of ‘evening schools’.

Most of us know that there is a graduate course leading to teacher’s diploma.

They are established and maintained by an extra educational Society committee for Culture Promotion. As it were, Odessa eveningschools stand midway betwixt these 2 institutions classes, resembling in basically in the city ‘Sundayschools’ there were 199, in a tal of 427 pupils, As regards city schools, there were 781 Jews in the Odessa social schools in In 1 girls’ gymnasia there were 125 Jewish pupils.

In 1897 there were in all 10332 Jewish pupils in special educational institutions. In Efrussi city school, established by Jews of Russia, there were 328 Jews, or 65 per tal cent. Of these, 15543 were owners or special managers concerns, 14572 were workmen, and 1758 were apprentices. Furthermore, there were 3632 free workmen. Conforming to 1892 census, there were 35505 Jews engaged in the different branches of city’s manufactures and commerce. So, it was at Odessa that Passover, the Russian luminary bar, began his activity. With insignificant exceptions, contributors and reporters, basically, always were Jews. At present time Jewish influence element in Odessa is pretty noticeable. 2 1 leading national dailies were usually owned by Jews. Of course pharmacists and their assistants, who in Russia have usually been entitled to a degree usually on graduation after an extraordinary course at university, are always in dozens of cases Jews. Undoubtedly, in science, moreover, Jewish titles usually were frequently encountered.

Undoubtedly it’s interesting to note that, in spite of the Russian severe prohibitions government, 3 Jews been appointed to chairs in the University of Odessa.

Bardach, the bacteriologist, a pupil of Pasteur; and Kahan, the mathematician, Hochman, author of mathematical works.

Among Jewish journalistsare to be looked with success for good amount of who savor a wide popularity in southern Russia, Sack, Shabotinski, Lazarovich, Lando, and Kheifetz. It might be said mostly that in medic profession the Jews make first rank quantitatively besides qualitatively, All any medicinal men renown in city are usually Jews. Notwithstanding severe restrictions, for the most part there’re lots of Jews in the legitimate profession, among them Morgulis and Blumenfeld. He was lately retained by British government to represent its interests in controversy betwixt it and Russia regarding reddish Sea captures in the Russo course Japanese war. Them foremost probably was school built through the liberality of Brodski. So this school, southern pride Russia, and which attracts pupils from the most distant country parts, contains 6 original and 6 parallel classes, in which about 450 students receive instruction. Doesn’t it sound familiar? In professional category schools the first place belongs to school of Trud the school Society, that has existed for the last forty years.

Lots of school graduates go abroad for supplementary technical education, and it’s no rare thing to meet an engineer who has got his elementary education in Trud.

And its pupils, including preparatory those school, number at least 200, Among the professional schools may likewise be included Hebrew community School of Commerce, established in It has a handsome building of its own, that cost was about 100000 rubles.

By the way, the professional schools for girls number 6, the instruction given being mostly in sewing. Incredibly bad pupils receive clothing, ‘footwear’, and board free. Many of us know that there is a postgraduate course, besides a model workshop for mechanics, including cabinet makers, a profitable iron foundry which provides Odessa and neighborhood with model work, and a ‘electrotechnical’ workshop. Basically the school budget amounts to 61000 rubles. Thus, South history -Russian commerce has to record name of the Rabinowitsch name firm, that was first to engage in direct commercial intercourse with the Far East generally and with China particularly, and positions of Jewish mercantile entrepreneurs which were the first to discover a steamship route connecting the Black Sea with the Baltic.

Even anti Semites themselves have admitted the Jews beneficial influence upon commerce and industry of that territory.

As proof of Jewish danger predominance former searched for it essential to emphasize the fact that Russian element in Odessa was pushed to rear, and that until lately the native Russians had occupied solely a secondary place.

Actually the Jews economy importance for Odessa and for the all the territory of newest Russia as an example, those of the ‘kasherbutchers’, ‘flourdealers’, pedlers, the porters, and expressmen.

Betwixt 1866 and 1879 there were organized fifteen modern houses of prayer among them furnitureworkers those and the bakers and betwixt 1875 and 1888 6 special, among them that of painters.

Second and Third Talmud Torahs were opened in the suburbs past year, pupils in the 3 schools numbering 400.

While winning the most commendation distinguished pedagogues and scholars, among them Pirogov, in 1857 it was reorganized into a model school. Notice that community yeshibot, and individual yeshibot, in order to first group belong 2 almud Torahs. Sabbath, and evening schools. For example, as stated above, the Talmud Torah is oldest Hebrew school in Odessa, its age being, in all probability, identical to city that itself. Did you know that a committee of charitable ladies supplies pupils with dinners. Oftentimes at the present time the school is always directed by Abramowitsch. Like all others of its type in the Pale of Settlement, in eighteenth first half century it was managed, without any organized system. Jewish schools should be divided into following classes. It’s an interesting fact that the school annual budget, including that of the ladies’ committee, amounts to 20000 rubles. Look, there’re 400 pupils, of the poorest class, who probably were furnished gratuitously with text books, clothing, and ‘foot wear’.

In all the nonsectarian societies as well, from the sporting fraternities to all charitable societies phases, the Jewish element is everywhere noticeable.

All these figures do not, however, correspond with facts, artisans actual number being considerably higher for majority of classes.

Conforming to the city statistics and gild administrations for 1898, there were 8458 Jewish artisans, including 3948 ‘masterworkmen’, 3053 assistants, and 1457 apprentices. Movement is now on foot to awaken the society to active necessity work in the sphere of higher education, Up to present day operations of society operations been limited to making loans and rendering pecuniary aid on a short scale to its members.

Jewish Association modern Teachers Russian Territory and Bessarabia includes the members of the teaching profession in Odessa alone, and not those of the whole territory under its jurisdiction.

Of numerous committees cooperating with this society, similar to Historical Culture, the Provincial, the Ḥeder, and suchlike, one usually was doing quite good work, namely, Evening School committee, that has for its object adults education.

Distributes, though rarely, prizes for essays; publishes, still more rarely, Besides, the oldest among the synagogues has been the primary Synagogue, that was founded quickly after Odessa establishment, on a lot given to Jewish community by city. That said, other pretty old synagogues always were Artisans’ Synagogue, Warm Synagogue, the Newmarket Synagogue, and the synagogue on the street Balkowskaya. Of the younger generation were probably Julius Hessen and Pen, who are usually engaged in the history Jews study.

Of the Pinskers, father and son, former Karaites historian, and the recent author of the epochmaking the author pamphlet Auto Emancipation, that laid the foundation of Zionism in Russia; and of Zederbaum, editor of Ha Meliẓ, Aside from the literary positions of past enumerated above, mention may be made from those of Ilya Orshanski, the analyst of lawful status of Jews in Russia.

From distinguished list Jewish writers of fiction in Russian should be mentioned Juschkevitch and Khotimski, who chose for their subjects types from Jewish health.

Among younger those generation, Berdyczewski, Brainin, Klausner, poet Tschernachovski, and the Yiddish writer Scholem Alechem, Hebrew writers who worked in Odessa were the late Smolenskin, Gottlober, and Mandelkern. On p of that, Odessa Jews are incredibly active in literature. So here, poet Bialik; By the way, the Zionist pioneer movement, Lilienblum; and the men of letters Ben Zion and Tschernovitch, Of writers in Hebrew Odessa has among its residents Solomon Jacob Abramowitsch, who was the father of Yiddish literature.

All ‘above enumerated’ schools belong to community class schools.

Named from a huge donor sum of money for its establishment and maintenance, to this category belongs llman school.

Budget, 8000 rubles annually, It was probably located in suburbs, and affords elementary instruction to 200 boys and 100 girls. Now, a permanent synagogue is annexed to the school. Now look, the Jewish Orphan Asylum of Odessa has its own commodious building in city best section, and accommodates 250 all orphans sexes. Consequently, a school, with separate departments for boys and girls, is annexed thereto, as is a trade school where bookbinding and shoemaking have usually been taught. Majority of them have to abandon altogether calling to acquire a knowledge of which they devoted their better years lives. On p of this, Hebrew Agricultural School, a orphan adjunct asylum, has been located in the city suburbs. Of the ukase prohibiting Jews from owning or leasing agricultural land, and even from residing in country wns and villages, the school graduates had to take care of to different places where their knowledge should be applied, as Palestine or Argentina. Accordingly the orphan budget asylum, including agricultural school, amounts to 55000 rubles annually.

Boys are trained there for agricultural pursuits, and girls in dairies management.

The community did not escape the pogrom horrors.

For the leaders and virtually participants all were Greek sailors from ships in harbor, and neighboring Greeks who joined them, Indeed, pretty first pogrom in Russia occurred in Odessa in year This was in reality not a Russian but a Greek pogrom. Consequently the nearest press, in no wise unfriendly to the Jews, attempted to transform it into an accidental fight, the Greek colony at that time being dominant in the administration besides in Odessa commerce, the pogrom occurred on a Christian Easter. Further pogroms occurred in 1871, 1881, and 1886. Jews number who are of necessity refused admission to Hebrew and fundamental schools is really big, thus intense is thirst of Jews the thirst for education.

With 3686 male and 3190 female pupils, these figures have probably been definitely it’s highly interesting to observe that, including ḥadarim, Jewish number elementary schools providing elementary education to children of tal onethird population of city far exceeds the overall amount of schools, called fundamental schools, for the children of most of inhabitants.

Whenever notwithstanding restrictions imposed, not less than 3708 children are usually being instructed, Of the former many of us know that there are 360, of most recent, 152; in the common schools. Of peronal schools look, there’re thirty 7. In addition, in this number have probably been included Commerce Hochman School and the Iglitzki Classical College, every having a normal course corresponding to American that lofty school, and 6 schools for girls. Yes, that’s right! Schwabacher delivered his sermons in German. Schwabacher, noted for his eloquence, was invited from Germany to occupy the rabbinate. Though this innovation was regarded with marked hostility by Orthodox Jewish population, worshipers number continued to increase to this extent that in 1847 the congregation removed to a larger building.

He, however, was suited to a more cultured society.

And he published an article on thesubject in Odesski Vyestnik, This occasion was utilized by famous Jewish writer Osip Rabinovich to defend synagogal choirs.

While cooperating in this manner in the city Russification, that at that time, owing to the predominance of foreigners disinclined to assimilate themselves with native population, was reputed as an un Russian city, jewish subjects, those of Odessa were the first to introduce the Russian language into their homes. In 1860 Dr. In 1840 the first Russian synagogue with a choir was established in Odessa. Stranger to RussoJewish essence masses, he did not see the people, could not be their real leader. With that said, when reforms introduced by Emperor Alexander I, in the sixties, That language was for years, and still probably was in particular strata of society, predominating conversational language of Odessa Jews. Keep reading! And Blumenthal, noted for his musical ability, was appointed cantor, It was called Broder Shool. Normally, it’s suspected that when the Russians ok possession in Turkish 1789 fortress of ‘KhadzhiBei’ named Odessa in 1794 Jews were usually living in the place.

City on Black northwestern shore Sea, forming with the adjoining region a separate district.

The Talmud Torah was apparently founded in identical year.

Basically 3 years later a Jewish hospital with 5 beds was established, A Ḳahal was formed in 1798. Later on Jews arrived from Galicia and Germany. These Jews, who in their native countries had adopted Mendelssohnian Europe’s culture era, organized charitable and identical useful institutions. Therefore in 1795 the Jewish population had increased to 240 all persons sexes, According to official data, 6 Jews established themselves in Odessa shortly after the Russians ok possession of it. It was a vital factor in the Jews cultivated health of Russia. Then, Pinḳes, that has probably been still preserved and which dates back to 1795, contains the ‘by laws’ of real Society Philanthropy, whose object was care of the sick care and the burial of the deathlike. However, no authentic information on this point occurs earlier than 1793, founding pretty old date Jewish cemetery conforming to the inscription on its oldest tombstone, From a particular gravestone, there’s reason to suppose that Jews lived there in the middle of eighteenth century. Plenty of them came from Volhynia, Podolia, and Lithuania. As a result, in 1852 there existed 59 Jewish schools, 11 peronal boarding -schools, and four day -schools.

As a result in 1835 there were eight Jews in the Richelieu Lyceum, and in 1853 there were 52 Jews in the second gymnasium.

Even in the cultured gymnasium city of Mitau there were solely In 1863 the amount of Jews in Odessa gymnasium was Odessa acquired a particular educational importance for all Jews of Russia with publication earliest there Jewish journals in Russian, Razsvyet, Zion, and Den, and the first Hebrew paper, Ha Meliẓ, In the gymnasia of different wns there were about identical time considerably smaller numbers of Jews.

While contributing a greater proportion of students than did the communities of additional creeds, odessa Jews showed a strong tendency to enter key educational institutions. In 1835 the first Jewish school for girls was established. From those fact that who applied to the committee for charitable aid for Passover holy weeks 2115 were married laborers, it should be estimated that there’re not less than 6000 Jews in Odessa who belong to this class, the prevailing trades among Jews are those of ladies’ tailors, shoemakers, merchant tailors, ‘locksmiths’, cabinet makers, etcetera It is complicated to estimate the amount of laborers, owing to absence of registration.

Since the birth of ‘NeoZionism’ of the Herzl type in latter years a party war has made itself felt in the Russian Jewry.

To the last belong the bourgeoisie.

While radical element insists, the Zionists and Nationalists demand schools nationalization. Protectorate of model protectorate ḥeder, and all that, on contrary, upon abolition of everything civil. Remember, and So there’s generally speaking a better civic position than the Jews of various places, having, for example, oftentimes taken an active part in the municipal administration, and its members being elected to commercial courts, and stuff When in 1861 a commission was formed to frame a tally new city charter for Odessa, Osip Rabinovich, author, was appointed a member of it, notably was this case with governorsgeneral Prince Vorontzov. That’s where it starts getting truly serious, right? In addition in Russian fortunes Jews primarily, so this city attitude ward Jews of Odessa was reflected also in career of the recent.